Prenatal risk factors of indoor environment and incidence of childhood eczema in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

The quality of indoor environment is a risk factor for early childhood eczema and atopic dermatitis; however, its influence during pregnancy on childhood eczema in Japan has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the indoor environmental factors that are associated with eczema in children up to 3 years of age, using national birth cohort data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). Information on indoor environments and eczema symptoms until 3 years of age was collected using self-administered questionnaires to the mothers. A total of 71,883 and 58,639 mother-child pairs at 1.5- and 3-years-old, respectively, were included in the former analyses. To account for prenatal indoor risk factors, 17,568 (1.5-years-old) and 7063 (3-years-old) children without indoor mold and/or ETS exposure were included in the final analysis. A higher mold index, gas heater use, parquet flooring use, and frequent insecticide use showed significantly increased risks for childhood eczema up to 3 years of age. These associations were consistent after stratification analysis among children whose parents did not have a history of allergies. The updated WHO guidelines on indoor air quality should be implemented based on recent findings regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to indoor dampness on health effects of children further in life, including asthma, respiratory effects, eczema, and other immunological effects.

Improved Activities of Daily Living With Adjunctive Intravenous Steroids in Bacterial Meningitis: A Nationwide, Population-Based Medical Database Study.

The benefit of using adjunctive intravenous steroids (IVS) to reduce the neurological sequelae in bacterial meningitis remains inconclusive. This study evaluated the effect of IVS on improving the subsequent Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in bacterial meningitis by analyzing data from a large nationwide administrative medical database in Japan. Data from 1,132 hospitals, covered by the administrative Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) payment system from 2016 to 2022, were evaluated. The ADL levels at admission and discharge were measured using the Barthel Index (BI). Out of the cumulative 47,366,222 patients hospitalized, 8,736 were diagnosed with acute bacterial meningitis and had BI data available. The BI at discharge, adjusted for sex, age, and BI at admission, was significantly better among those treated with IVS (p<0.0001). Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested that this benefit is expected across a broad spectrum of bacterial species. In summary, the use of IVS for improving the subsequent ADL level in bacterial meningitis was suggested.

A Reduction in the Number of Hospitalized Cases of Acute Meningitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan.

Objective The changes in the prevalence of acute meningitis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of acute meningitis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the Japanese nationwide administrative medical payment system database, Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC), from 2016 to 2022. A total of 547 hospitals consistently and seamlessly offered DPC data during this period. The study period was divided into the following three periods: April 2016 to March 2018 (fiscal years 2016-2017), April 2018-March 2020 (2018-2019), and April 2020-March 2022 (2020-2021). Results Among the 28,161,806 patients hospitalized during the study period, 28,399 were hospitalized for acute meningitis: 16,678 for viral/aseptic type, 6,189 for bacterial type, 655 for fungal type, 429 for tuberculous, 2,310 for carcinomatous type, and 2,138 for other or unknown types of meningitis. A significant decrease during the pandemic was confirmed in viral (n=7,032, n=5,775, and n=3,871 in each period; p<0.0001) and bacterial meningitis (n=2,291, n=2,239, and n=1,659; p<0.0001) cases. Meanwhile, no decrease was observed in fungal meningitis (n=212, n=246, and n=197; p=0.056) or carcinomatous meningitis (n=781, n=795, and n=734; p=0.27). The decrease in the number of tuberculous meningitis cases was equivocal (n=166, n=146, and n=117; p=0.014). The decrease during the pandemic was more remarkable in younger populations aged <50 years than in older populations, both for viral and bacterial meningitis. Conclusion The number of hospitalized cases of acute meningitis clearly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for viral and bacterial meningitis in younger populations aged <50 years.

Development of phenotyping algorithms for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and their application in more than 22,000 pregnant women.

Recently, many phenotyping algorithms for high-throughput cohort identification have been developed. Prospective genome cohort studies are critical resources for precision medicine, but there are many hurdles in the precise cohort identification. Consequently, it is important to develop phenotyping algorithms for cohort data collection. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. In this study, we developed, applied, and validated rule-based phenotyping algorithms of HDP. Two phenotyping algorithms, algorithms 1 and 2, were developed according to American and Japanese guidelines, and applied into 22,452 pregnant women in the Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study of the Tohoku Medical Megabank project. To precise cohort identification, we analyzed both structured data (e.g., laboratory and physiological tests) and unstructured clinical notes. The identified subtypes of HDP were validated against reference standards. Algorithms 1 and 2 identified 7.93% and 8.08% of the subjects as having HDP, respectively, along with their HDP subtypes. Our algorithms were high performing with high positive predictive values (0.96 and 0.90 for algorithms 1 and 2, respectively). Overcoming the hurdle of precise cohort identification from large-scale cohort data collection, we achieved both developed and implemented phenotyping algorithms, and precisely identified HDP patients and their subtypes from large-scale cohort data collection.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of hospital treatment volume and survival outcomes in endometrial cancer in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital treatment volume affects survival in patients with endometrial cancer; notably, initial treatment at high-volume centers improves survival outcomes. Our study assessed the effect of hospital treatment volume on cost-effectiveness and survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer in Japan. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was evaluated using the following variables and their impact on cost-effectiveness: 1) hospital treatment volume (low-, intermediate-, and high-volume centers) and 2) postoperative recurrent risk factors based on pathological findings (high- and intermediate-risk or low-risk). Data were obtained from the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology database, systematic literature searches, and the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) was used as a measure of effectiveness. The model was built from a public healthcare perspective and the impact of uncertainty was assessed using sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: A base-case analysis showed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at high-volume centers was below a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of ¥5,000,000 with a maximum of ¥3,777,830/4.28 QALY for the high- and intermediate-risk group, and ¥2,316,695/4.57 QALY for the low-risk group. Treatment at the high-volume centers showed better efficiency and cost-effectiveness in both strategies compared to intermediate- or low-volume centers. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model outcome was robust to changes in input values. With the WTP threshold, treatment at high-volume centers remained cost-effective in at least 73.6% and 78.2% of iterations for high- and intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment at high-volume centers is the most cost-effective strategy for guiding treatment centralization in patients with endometrial cancer.

Association between Maternal Birth Weight and Prevalence of Congenital Malformations in Offspring: The Japanese Environment and Children's Study.

Congenital malformations are functional and structural alterations in embryonic or foetal development resulting from a variety of factors including maternal health status. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal birth weight (MBW) and the prevalence of congenital malformations in offspring using data from a nationwide birth cohort study in Japan including 103,060 pregnancies. A binary logistic regression model with adjustment for various covariates revealed that an MBW of <2500 g (low MBW) was associated with an increased risk of congenital heart disease (adjusted odds ratio: 1.388, [95% confidence interval: 1.075-1.792]), angioma (1.491 [1.079-2.059]), and inguinal hernia (1.746, [1.189-2.565]), while those with an MBW of ≥4000 g (high MBW) were associated with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract (2.194, [1.261-3.819]) and arrhythmia (1.775, [1.157-2.725]) compared with those with an MBW of 3000-3499 g. Low MBW was associated with cleft lip and/or palate (1.473, [1.052-2.064]), congenital heart disease (1.615, [1.119-2.332]), genital organs (1.648, [1.130-2.405]), hypospadias (1.804, [1.130-2.881]), and inguinal hernia (1.484, [1.189-1.851]) in male infants and CAKUT (1.619, [1.154-2.273]) in female infants, whereas high MBW was associated with congenital heart disease (1.745, [1.058-2.877]) and CAKUT (2.470, [1.350-4.517]) in male infants. The present study is the first to demonstrate a link between MBW and congenital malformations in Japanese children. While these results must be interpreted with caution, MBW should be considered a major predictor of congenital malformation risk.

Modeling embryo-endometrial interface recapitulating human embryo implantation.

The initiation of human pregnancy is marked by the implantation of an embryo into the uterine environment; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we developed hormone-responsive endometrial organoids (EMO), termed apical-out (AO)-EMO, which emulate the in vivo architecture of endometrial tissue. The AO-EMO comprise an exposed apical epithelium surface, dense stromal cells, and a self-formed endothelial network. When cocultured with human embryonic stem cell-derived blastoids, the three-dimensional feto-maternal assembloid system recapitulates critical implantation stages, including apposition, adhesion, and invasion. Endometrial epithelial cells were subsequently disrupted by syncytial cells, which invade and fuse with endometrial stromal cells. We validated this fusion of syncytiotrophoblasts and stromal cells using human blastocysts. Our model provides a foundation for investigating embryo implantation and feto-maternal interactions, offering valuable insights for advancing reproductive medicine.

Maternal birth weight as an indicator of early and late gestational diabetes mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association of maternal birth weight (MBW) with early and late gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A total of 69318 pregnant Japanese women were included in this birth cohort study. The associations between maternal birth weight and early gestational diabetes mellitus (diagnosed at <24 gestational weeks) and late GDM (diagnosed at ≥24 gestational weeks) were investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model, with an maternal birth weight of 3000-3499 g as the reference category. RESULTS: Lower maternal birth weight was associated with higher odds of developing early and late gestational diabetes mellitus (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for early gestational diabetes mellitus in participants with a MBW of <2500 g and 2500-2999 g were 1.345 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.912-1.984) and 1.338 (95% CI: 1.098-1.629), respectively. The aORs for late gestational diabetes mellitus in participants with a MBW of <2500 g and 2500-2999 g were, 1.657 (95% CI: 1.298-2.115) and 1.218 (95% CI: 1.058-1.402), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the gestational age when gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed, a lower maternal birth weight was associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the association of a MBW <2500 g with late gestational diabetes mellitus tended to be stronger than that with early gestational diabetes mellitus.

Association of parity with the prevalence of hypertension in Japan: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based cohort study.

This study investigated the association of parity with hypertension prevalence in Japanese women while considering a clinical history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and menopausal status. This cross-sectional study included 30,530 Japanese women (6700 premenopausal; 23 830 postmenopausal). The association between parity and the prevalence of hypertension was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model with possible confounders. In premenopausal women, no statistically significant association between parity and hypertension prevalence was found. When not adjusted for current body mass index (BMI), a linear graded association was observed between parity and the prevalence of hypertension in postmenopausal women. However, the association between parity and hypertension prevalence in postmenopausal women was attenuated after adjustment for current BMI. Both current BMI and a clinical history of HDP were significantly associated with a high risk of hypertension in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Our results also suggest that continuous surveillance and preventive measures for hypertension should be provided for women with HDP and high parity.

Demographic profiles and risk factors for mortality in acute meningitis: A nationwide population-based observational study.

Aim: Acute meningitis encompasses bacterial, viral (aseptic), fungal, tuberculous, and carcinomatous meningitis. The rate and risks of mortality in each type remain uncertain. This study aimed to elucidate these aspects in each type of meningitis. Methods: This study utilized Japan's nationwide administrative Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database. Patients with acute meningitis, treated at 1132 DPC-covered hospitals from 2016 to 2022, were enrolled. Results: Among 47,366,222 cumulative hospitalized patients, 48,758 (0.10%) were hospitalized with acute meningitis. The types of meningitis were as follows: 10,338 with bacterial, 29,486 with viral/aseptic, 965 with fungal, 678 with tuberculous, and 3790 with carcinomatous meningitis. Bacterial and viral meningitis exhibited bimodal age distributions, with the first peak occurring at 0-9 years. The median onset age was below 50 years only in viral meningitis. The mortality rate was the highest in carcinomatous meningitis (39%), followed by fungal meningitis (21%), and the lowest in viral meningitis (0.61%). Mortality rates increased with age across all meningitis types, but this trend was less prominent in carcinomatous meningitis. The duration from admission to mortality was longer in fungal and tuberculous meningitis compared with other types. Staphylococcus aureus in bacterial meningitis (adjusted odds ratio 1.71; p = 0.0016) and herpes simplex virus in viral meningitis (adjusted odds ratio 1.53; p = 0.0467) exhibited elevated mortality rates. Conclusion: Distinct demographic profiles and mortality rates were observed among different meningitis types. The high mortality rates in less common types of meningitis emphasize the necessity to further optimize the required diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Maternal social isolation and behavioral problems in preschool children: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.

It is essential to clarify factors associated with mental health and behavioral problems in early childhood, because children are critical stages of life for mental health. We aimed to prospectively examine the associations between maternal social isolation and behavioral problems in preschool children. We analyzed data from 5842 mother-child pairs who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. The Lubben Social Network Scale-abbreviated version was used to assess social isolation (defined as scores < 12) one year after delivery. The Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 was used to assess behavioral problems, and its subscales were used to assess internalizing and externalizing problems in children at 4 years of age. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between social isolation and behavioral problems, after adjustment for age, education, income, work status, marital status, extraversion, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, child sex, and number of siblings. Multiple logistic regression analyses were also conducted for internalizing problems and externalizing problems. The prevalence of maternal social isolation was 25.4%. Maternal social isolation was associated with an increased risk of behavioral problems in children: the odds ratio (OR) was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.64). Maternal social isolation was also associated with increased risks of internalizing problems and externalizing problems in children: the ORs were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.12-1.59) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.18-1.66), respectively. In conclusion, maternal social isolation one year after delivery was associated with behavioral problems in children at 4 years of age.

Evaluation of Statistical Approaches in Developing a Predictive Model of Severe COVID-19 during Early Phase of Pandemic with Limited Data Resources.

As evidence of risk factors for severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was uncertain in early phases of the pandemic, the development of an efficient predictive model for severe cases to triage high-risk individuals represented an urgent yet challenging issue. It is crucial to select appropriate statistical models when available data and evidence are limited. This study was conducted to assess the accuracy of different statistical models in predicting severe cases using demographic data from patients with COVID-19 prior to the emergence of consequential variants. We analyzed data from 929 consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to March 2021, including their age, sex, body mass index, and past medical histories, and compared areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) between different statistical models. The random forest (RF) model, deep learning (DL) models with not too many neurons, and naïve Bayes model exhibited AUC measures of > 0.70 with the validation datasets. The naïve Bayes model performed the best with the AUC measures of > 0.80. The accuracies in RF were more robust with narrower distribution of AUC measures compared to those in DL. The benefit of performing feature selection with a training dataset before building models was seen in some models, but not in all models. In summary, the naïve Bayes and RF models exhibited ideal predictive performance even with limited available data. The benefit of performing feature selection before building models with limited data resources depended on machine learning methods and parameters.

Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab Combination Therapy for Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer: A Single-Center, Retrospective Analysis.

A multi-kinase inhibitor, lenvatinib, plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, became a viable therapeutic option for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer in Japan by the end of 2021. The Japanese population has a relatively unique genetic background. Hence, the safety profile and effectiveness of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab may differ between the Japanese and other populations. This single-center, retrospective study aimed to evaluate the treatment efficacy of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and the safety profile of the associated adverse events. The clinical records of 15 patients, who received lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer at the Tohoku University Hospital, were reviewed. Best overall response and disease control rates were 40.0% and 73.3%, respectively. Treatment was discontinued owing to disease progression and adverse events in six patients, respectively. As of the end of July 2023, treatment was ongoing in the remaining three patients. The median treatment and progression-free survival durations were 118 and 258 days, respectively. Relative dose intensity of lenvatinib was not positively associated with progression-free survival, neither during the first 4 weeks after treatment initiation nor during the entire treatment period. All patients experienced one or more adverse events, the most common of which were hypothyroidism (90%) and hypertension (83.3%). Among the 15 patients, 13 required lenvatinib dose reduction owing to adverse events. One patient developed grade 4 interstitial pneumonia requiring intensive care. Our results validate the short-term efficacy of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab, and indicate that dose optimization of lenvatinib could be individualized without impairing efficacy.

Prenatal hypertension as the risk of eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and critical obstetric hemorrhage.

Critical bleeding is a common cause of maternal mortality in obstetric patients. However, the non-obstetric factors underlying critical obstetric bleeding remain uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the impact of chronic hypertension on obstetric hemorrhage by evaluating a nationwide administrative database in Japan. Women who gave birth between 2018 and 2022 were enrolled. The primary outcome was critical hemorrhage requiring massive red blood cell (RBC) transfusion during childbirth. In total, 354, 299 eligible women were selected from the database. The maternal mortality rate was >1.0% among those who received a massive RBC transfusion (≥4000 cc), and this amount was used as the cutoff of the outcome. Critical hemorrhage was less frequent with elective Caesarean section (CS) compared with vaginal childbirth or emergent CS (odds ratio [OR], 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.47). Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for these obstetric risks revealed that a higher maternal age (adjusted OR [aOR] per 1 year, 1.07 [1.05-1.09]); oral medications with prednisolone (aOR, 2.5 [1.4-4.4]), anti-coagulants (aOR, 10 [5.4-19]), and anti-platelets (aOR, 2.9 [1.3-6.4]); and a prenatal history of hypertension (aOR, 2.5 [1.5-4.4]) and hypoproteinemia (aOR, 5.8 [1.7-20]) are the risks underlying critical obstetric hemorrhage. Prenatal history of hypertension was significantly associated with obstetric disseminated intravascular coagulation (OR, 1.9 [1.5-2.4]); Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (OR, 3.3 [2.7-4.2]); and eclampsia (OR, 6.1 [4.6-8.1]). In conclusion, a maternal prenatal history of hypertension is associated with the development of HELLP syndrome, eclampsia, and resultant critical hemorrhage. The incidence of HELLP syndrome and eclampsia increased more than fivefold in the presence of prenatal hypertension. However, the likelihood of subsequently developing DIC or experiencing critical bleeding did not change by the presence of prenatal hypertension.

CRISPR screening in human trophoblast stem cells reveals both shared and distinct aspects of human and mouse placental development.

The placenta serves as the interface between the mother and fetus, facilitating the exchange of gases and nutrients between their separate blood circulation systems. Trophoblasts in the placenta play a central role in this process. Our current understanding of mammalian trophoblast development relies largely on mouse models. However, given the diversification of mammalian placentas, findings from the mouse placenta cannot be readily extrapolated to other mammalian species, including humans. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed CRISPR knockout screening in human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs). We targeted genes essential for mouse placental development and identified more than 100 genes as critical regulators in both human hTSCs and mouse placentas. Among them, we further characterized in detail two transcription factors, DLX3 and GCM1, and revealed their essential roles in hTSC differentiation. Moreover, a gene function-based comparison between human and mouse trophoblast subtypes suggests that their relationship may differ significantly from previous assumptions based on tissue localization or cellular function. Notably, our data reveal that hTSCs may not be analogous to mouse TSCs or the extraembryonic ectoderm (ExE) in which in vivo TSCs reside. Instead, hTSCs may be analogous to progenitor cells in the mouse ectoplacental cone and chorion. This finding is consistent with the absence of ExE-like structures during human placental development. Our data not only deepen our understanding of human trophoblast development but also facilitate cross-species comparison of mammalian placentas.

Niacin restriction with NAMPT-inhibition is synthetic lethal to neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays a major role in NAD biosynthesis in many cancers and is an attractive potential cancer target. However, factors dictating therapeutic efficacy of NAMPT inhibitors (NAMPTi) are unclear. We report that neuroendocrine phenotypes predict lung and prostate carcinoma vulnerability to NAMPTi, and that NAMPTi therapy against those cancers is enhanced by dietary modification. Neuroendocrine differentiation of tumor cells is associated with down-regulation of genes relevant to quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase-dependent de novo NAD synthesis, promoting NAMPTi susceptibility in vitro. We also report that circulating nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), a non-canonical niacin absent in culture media, antagonizes NAMPTi efficacy as it fuels NAMPT-independent but nicotinamide riboside kinase 1-dependent NAD synthesis in tumors. In mouse transplantation models, depleting blood NAR by nutritional or genetic manipulations is synthetic lethal to tumors when combined with NAMPTi. Our findings provide a rationale for simultaneous targeting of NAR metabolism and NAMPT therapeutically in neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Teenage and young adult pregnancy and depression: findings from the Japan environment and children's study.

Teenage pregnancy increases the threat of depression because of its many factors. Pregnancy during young adulthood may also have several risk factors for depression compared to older pregnancies. However, data on depression in young adult pregnancies are lacking. This study investigated the association between teenage and young adult pregnancy and depression. Data from the Japan Environment and Children's study was used as a nationwide multicenter prospective cohort study. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between age groups (14-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, ≥ 35 years) and depression, adjusted for behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics. Depression was assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. In total, 96,808 pregnant women responded to the questionnaire. Teenage (14-19 years) and young adult (20-24 years) pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of depression compared to older pregnancy (≥ 35 years) (teenage: OR 4.28, 95% confidence interval, CI [3.24-5.64]; young adult: OR 3.00, 95% CI [2.64-3.41]). After adjusting for covariates, the magnitude of the risk of depression was attenuated. However, teenage and young adult pregnancy remained at a significantly increased risk of depression compared to older pregnancy (teenage: OR 2.38, 95% CI [1.77-3.21]; young adult: OR 2.14, 95% CI [1.87-2.46]). Our findings indicate that teenage and young adults' pregnancy are at an increased risk of depression compared to older pregnancy. These findings suggest prioritizing teenage and young pregnant women for prevention and interventions related to depression.

Maternal birth weight as an indicator of early-onset and late-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal birth weight (MBW) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) according to the gestational age when HDP develops. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 77,345 subjects were included in this prospective birth cohort study. The association between MBW and HDP was investigated by a multinomial logistic regression model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Early-onset HDP (EO-HDP), preterm late-onset HDP (preterm LO-HDP), and term late-onset HDP (term LO-HDP). RESULTS: Lower MBW was associated with higher odds of preterm and term LO-HDP (p-values for trend < 0.0001 and = 0.0005, respectively). A linear association between MBW and EO-HDP was observed (p-values for trend = 0.0496). The shape of the association between MBW and preterm LO-HDP was a combination of the associations between MBW with EO-HDP or LO-HDP. The effect size of the association between MBW < 2,500 g and EO-HDP was lower than that of MBW < 2,500 g with preterm or term LO-HDP. The adjusted odds ratios for EO-HDP, preterm LO-HDP, and term LO-HDP in subjects with MBW < 2,500 g were 1.052 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.665-1.664), 1.745 (95 % CI: 1.220-2.496), and 1.496 (95 % CI: 1.154-1.939), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MBW was associated with HDP, regardless of gestational age when HDP developed. Furthermore, the association of MBW < 2,500 g with preterm or term LO-HDP was stronger than that with EO-HDP.

Timing of Primary Tooth Eruption in Infants Observed by Their Parents.

BACKGROUND: The timing of primary teeth eruption is a visible indicator of infant physical growth other than body weight or height. It also reflects neurological integrity and development as well as nutrition, socioeconomic state, or underlying diseases. Therefore, the timing of primary teeth eruption is one of the major concerns for parents in health checkups for infants and children. However, the detailed developmental timing of teeth eruption differs depending on the survey methodology, country, or generation. We hypothesized that the timing of primary teeth eruption differs between the medical checkup by dentists and the daily records by parents. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey on the date of eruption of primary teeth as an adjunct study among Miyagi Regional Center participants in the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), a large-scale birth cohort study. A total of 1695 responses (3793 participants) were analyzed. RESULTS: The median ages of eruption were 7.1 months (male) and 7.6 months (female) for mandibular primary central incisors, 8.7 months (male) and 9.2 months (female) for maxillary primary central incisors, 10.0 months (male) and 10.3 months (female) for maxillary primary lateral incisors, and 10.4 months (male) and 10.8 months (female) for mandibular primary lateral incisors, which were earlier than the reported timings based on dental check-ups. Comparing the eruption time of preterm and term infants, the eruption time was earlier in preterm infants in the corrected ages. CONCLUSIONS: The eruption timing observed and described by the parents is earlier than that examined by dentists at regular check-ups. In addition to examining the primary teeth eruption of full-term birth children, we also examined that of preterm birth children because of the increasing number of premature births. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from a large cohort study to clarify the eruption time of primary teeth monitored by parents.